ICSE/ISC class 12 History 1

Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase (1935-1947)

1. Background

   - The period from 1935 to 1947 was marked by intense political activity, leading to India's independence and the partition of the country into India and Pakistan.

   - The Government of India Act, 1935, set the stage for political developments, although it fell short of Indian aspirations for full independence.

2. Government of India Act, 1935

 

  - Features: 

     - It proposed the establishment of an All-India Federation, comprising British India and the princely states.

     - Provincial autonomy was introduced, allowing provinces to govern themselves without interference from the central government.

     - The Act introduced a bicameral legislature at the center and granted more powers to provincial governments.

 

  - Criticism: 

     - The Act was criticized for its complex structure and lack of real power-sharing. It did not grant full self-governance, and key sectors like defense and foreign affairs remained under British control.

3. The Second World War and its Impact

   - The outbreak of World War II in 1939 had significant implications for India.

   - Viceroy Linlithgow's Declaration: 

In 1939, without consulting Indian leaders, the Viceroy declared India's participation in the war, leading to widespread dissatisfaction.

   - Congress Reaction:

 The Congress ministries resigned in protest, and the Indian National Congress launched a demand for complete independence.

   - Muslim League's Stance: 

The Muslim League supported the British war effort, viewing it as an opportunity to advance their demand for Pakistan.