Judiciary class 11 Pol sci

Chapter 6 "" of Class 11

1. **Independent Judiciary**: The judiciary is an independent body meant to resolve disputes based on the rule of law. It ensures the supremacy of law, safeguarding individual rights, settling disputes, and preventing dictatorship.

2. **Judicial Structure**: 

   - The Supreme Court of India is at the top, consisting of the Chief Justice and up to 25 other judges. 

   - Judges are appointed by the President of India and hold office until the age of 65. Their salaries are determined by Parliament.

   - Removal of judges is possible only on grounds of misbehavior or incapacity, requiring a special majority in both houses of Parliament.

3. **Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court**:

   - **Original Jurisdiction**: Resolving disputes between the Union and States or among states.

   - **Writ Jurisdiction**: Issuing writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

   - **Appellate Jurisdiction**: Hearing appeals in civil, criminal, and constitutional matters.

   - **Advisory Jurisdiction**: Advising the President on matters of public importance.

   - **Special Powers**: Including granting special leave to appeals from any judgment or order from any court in India.

4. **Hierarchy of Courts**:

   - **High Courts**: Handle appeals from lower courts, issue writs, and supervise subordinate courts.

   - **District Courts**: Deal with cases within districts, including appeals from lower courts.

   - **Subordinate Courts**: Handle civil and criminal cases under the supervision of higher courts.

5. **Judicial Review**: The Supreme Court has the power to examine the constitutionality of any law, ensuring that all laws comply with the Constitution.

6. **Public Interest Litigation (PIL)**: Allows the judiciary to hear cases filed by individuals or groups on behalf of those whose rights are affected, promoting public interest.

7. **Important Terms**:

   - **Lok Adalats**: Courts established for quicker resolution of cases.

   - **Election Petition**: Requesting a court to review the fairness of election results.