Water resources

Freshwater Sources:

Freshwater constitutes only 2.5% of the world’s water.

70% of freshwater exists as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland, and mountainous regions.

Less than 30% is stored as groundwater.

Freshwater is obtained from surface runoff and groundwater.

It’s a renewable resource due to the hydrological cycle.

Water Scarcity:

Water scarcity occurs in regions with low rainfall or drought-prone areas.

Causes include population growth, over-exploitation for agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization.

Unequal access exacerbates scarcity.

Water quality deteriorates due to pollution.

Over-Exploitation of Groundwater:

∆Excessive pumping leads to falling groundwater levels.

∆Adversely affects agriculture and food security.

∆Impacts the ecological cycle.

Water Pollution:

∆Sources include domestic waste, industrial effluents, and human activities (e.g., religious rituals).

∆Proper treatment and management are crucial.

Water Conservation Measures:

∆Rainwater harvesting: Recharge groundwater.

∆Watershed development programs.

∆Responsible water use.