Most imp 5M Q rise of nationalism in Europe

 Q: What steps were taken by French revolutionaries to create a feeling of collectivism?

Ans.

• Ideas of fatherland and citizenship

• New national symbols

• Centralised administrative system

• National language

• Uniform system of weights and measures

Q:'Importance of culture - art, poetry, stories and music help shape 

nationalist feelings.’ Justify the above statement with respect to European nationalism.

Ans:

- Shared cultural past, history and heritage brings a sense of 

commonality and unity amongst people.

- Under romanticism, artists criticised the glorification of reason and 

science and focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings to 

create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as 

the basis of a nation.

- German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das 

volk. Spirit of the nation was popularised through folk songs, poetry and dances.

Q:What were the main stages of unification of Italy? What 

were the main problems?

Ans: (i) During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy. He formed the secret society called Young Italy, but both the uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed.

(ii) Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Italy which would offer economic development and political dominance.

(iii) The unification of Italy was a result of many wars.

(iv) Chief Minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, and Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in1859.

(v) A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement.

(vi) In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies succeeded to drive .

Q: . Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Ans: 1.It was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro who were broadly known as Slavs.

2.A large part was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Gradually independence was declared from them.

3.The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

Q: What were the main stages of unification of Germany? 

Ans:(i) In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-class Germans.

(ii) During the Vienna Congress in 1815, Germany was identified as a loose confederation of 39 states.

(iii) They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German states.

(iv) Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement.

(v) Chief Minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy.

(vi) The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over a time period of seven years.

(vii) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at 

Versailles.