DEVELOPMENT 3

 DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY -

DEVELOPMENT - Development is defined as a situation in which all the aspirations of people get fulfilled

WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - (DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS) - Different persons can

have different developmental goals. They seek things that are most important for them. What may be development

for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS- The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income

but also about other important things in life. People desire regular work, better wages, and decent price for their

crops or other products that they produce (They want more income). Besides seeking more income, people also

seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. (Things that are not easily measured but

they mean a lot).

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (Development of nation)- Different persons can have different as well as

conflicting notions of a country’s development. While thinking about national development thinking about fair

and just path for all, better way of doing things, benefit of any idea for total number of people is also important.

HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES –

1. Usually, we take one or more important characteristics of persons and compare them based on these

characteristics.

2. For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.

3. Countries with higher income are considered more developed than others with less income.

4. The income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of

the country.

5. For comparison between countries, total income is not a useful measure because countries have different

populations.

6. Hence, we compare the average income which is total income of the country divided by its total population.

The average income is also called per capita income.

7. In World Development Report brought out by the World Bank, this

8. Countries with per capita income of USD 12056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and

those with per capita income of USD 955 or less are called low-income countries.

9. India comes in the category of low middle-income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just

USD1820 per income.

INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA- When we think of a nation or a region, we may, besides average income,

think of other equally important attributes. If we study Table 1.3 that gives the per capita income of Haryana,

Kerala and Bihar, we find that of the three, Haryana has the highest per capita. So, if per capita income were to

be used as the measure of development, Haryana will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least

developed state of the three but if we study table 1.4 Kerala performs well in all three categories i.e., Infant

Mortality Rate, literacy rate and net attendance Ratio.

PUBLIC FACILITIES- income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services

that citizens are able to use. for many of the important things in life the best way, also the cheapest way, is to

provide these goods and services collectively. Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate

provision of basic health and educational facilities. Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution System

(PDS) functions well. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.